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IMO 2025 — Complete Shortlist Question 4

IMO Shortlist · IMO 2025 — Complete Shortlist

Question 4

Let $\mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}$ be the set of all nonnegative integers. Let $f: \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0} \to \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}$ be an unbounded function such that, if $m$ and $n$ are nonnegative integers satisfying

$$ f(m+n)=\max\left\{f(0),f(1),\cdots,f(m+n)\right\}, $$

then

$$ f(m+n)=f(m)+f(n). $$

Prove that there exist positive integers A, B, C and D such that for all nonnegative integers n, $ f(An + B) = Cn + D $.

We say that f is unbounded if for each nonnegative integer N, there exists some nonnegative integer n such that $ f(n) \geq N $.